Sunday, May 15, 2016

The 2016 Edition of Summer Reading for Space Geeks!

          By Chuck Black

It's almost summer, a time when even the hardest working among us carves out a little time to connect with family members, recharge our batteries and get a little sun.

With that in mind, here is the latest and greatest of the power-point presentations, books and websites focused around space exploration, politics, science and technology.

Enjoy...
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2001: The Heritage and Legacy of the Space Odyssey by Frederick I Ordway III and Robert Godwin - Despite over 30 years of advances in space flight and movie-making, it is still 2001: A Space Odyssey which most fans, film makers and critics use as the yardstick against which all other space films are measured. Take a trip through more than eleven decades of space films to learn just how far this movie pushed the state of the art and how it continues to affect motion pictures today.

2001: The Lost Science  and 2001: The Lost Science Volume 2 by Adam Johnson - 2001: A Space Odyssey is an almost flawless scientific façade constructed by Kubrick, Clarke, Ordway, Lange and the hundreds of engineers and scientists who contributed to the production. Author and engineer Adam Johnson has spent years accumulating information, once believed to have been long since destroyed, to create a detailed and unprecedented analysis of the technology envisioned in Kubrick’s masterpiece.

50 Years of European Co-operation in Space: A presentation to the 57th session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (13 June 2014) - Not many know that the collaborative European space effort was officially born 50 years ago, when two leading scientific statesmen, Pierre Auger of France and Edoardo Amaldi of Italy, made the first steps towards establishing a significant European presence in space. This presentation provides context for their first meetings and shows how they helped create the current European Space Agency (ESA).

Aerospace Marketing Management - Whether you want to build rockets, planes or something else, you'll need to know how to fund, promote and market your project. This book provides an overall picture of both B2B and B2C marketing strategies, concepts and tools used throughout the aeronautics sector. It includes useful discussions of trends such as social marketing, customer orientation strategies, project marketing, concurrent engineering strategies, the tactics of "coopetition" or co-operative competition within organizations and many other useful methodologies. A ready reference for professionals and graduates from both engineering and business schools interested in aerospace and "spaaace!"

Aerospace Projects Review - The classic "journal of unbuilt aircraft and spacecraft projects" including detailed schematics for aircraft and spacecraft designs such as Saturn V S-IC derived flyback boosters, the Helios nuclear-pulse propulsion program, the incredible Project Orion interplanetary battleship along with various predecessors of the X-20 Dyna Soar, the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station (ISS) and many others.

After Apollo: Richard Nixon and the American Space Program by John M. Logsdon -  After the success of the Apollo 11 mission the question became, 'What do you do next, after landing on the Moon?' It fell to President Richard M. Nixon to answer this question. The book chronicles his successes and failures in this area and suggests reasons why people are still asking this question, over forty years later.

America's Space Futures: Defining Goals for Space Exploration by Eric R. Sterner - Focused on "the ongoing debate about space policy, the American space program and the human destiny in space." With a plethora of knowledgeable contributors including James Vedda, a senior policy analyst at the Center for Space Policy & Strategy, Scott Pace, a professor of international affairs at the George Washington University and many others, there's no better place to learn why the American space program is adrift, uncertain about the future and unclear about the purpose it serves.

The Archimedes Institute - An international not-for-profit organization focused on issues of private property claims in space, which was active from 1997 to the early 2000's, a period during which many early legal claims in this area began to flow through the court system. The site was organized and maintained by Professor Lawrence D. Roberts, a legal academic specializing in science and technology policy, and David Kantymir.

Arms and the Man; Dr. Gerald Bull, Iraq, and the Supergun by William Lowther - A short history of flawed Canadian genius Dr. Gerald Bull, a passionate and driven ballistics visionary responsible for the design of many of the worlds deadliest artillery cannons, who initially hoped to build "superguns" able to send small satellites into space, but ended up attempting to fund his dream by dancing with the devil through the political machinations of the middle east.

Arrows to the Moon; Avro's Engineers and the Space Race by Chris Gainor - While most know about the German rocket engineers led by Wernher von Braun, who helped put Apollo astronauts on the Moon, very few have heard about the Canadian engineers like Jim Chamberlin, John Hodge, Owen Maynard and others who top NASA officials called a "godsend" to the US space program in its early years. This is their story.

Arthur C. Clarke: A Life Remembered by Fred Clarke - Written by his brother, this book provides a rare insight into Arthur's early life, and into the people he met and influenced during his own personal odyssey. The book also includes a unique collection of photographs from the Clarke family, some of which have never been published before.

The Atomic Rockets of the Space Patrol website - Inspired by Robert Heinlein, Arthur C. Clarke and Jerry Pournelle and designed to provide everything you need to know about designing and building spaceships. The site is especially useful for its discussions on engines, realistic spacecraft designs and a standalone section on "Rocketpunk and MacGuffinite."

Becoming Spacefarers: Rescuing America's Space Program by James A. Vedda - All you ever wanted to know about the US space program with extra political intrigue, spicy historical analogies and ideas that challenge conventional wisdom added for seasoning. Written for those who know that what we should be doing next in space is heavily dependent on what we've been doing up until now. 

Canada in Space by Chris Gainor - A short history of Canada's contributions to space research and discovery including the development of the Canadarm and Canadarm2, the Alouette I ionospheric research satellite, the Canadians who engineered key components for NASA's Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and shuttle programs the birth of Canada's commercial satellite industry and much much more.

Canada’s 50 Years in Space: The COSPAR Anniversary by Gordon Shepherd and Agnes Kruchio – Provides a thorough description of the parallel growth of the Canadian space science program and the international activities of the Paris based Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) from 1958 up until the 50th Anniversary of COSPAR in 2008. For those who think we need to know more about our history and plan on not making the same mistakes.

The Canadian Science Writers Association - A national alliance of professional science communicators who "cultivate excellence in science writing and science journalism" in an effort to increase public awareness of science in Canadian culture.

Canadian Space Directory – The Canadian Space Agency’s (CSA) listing of Canadian private and public organizations who have been and/or are engaged in space related activities.

Canadian Spacewalkers: Hadfield, MacLean and Williams Remember the Ultimate High Adventure by Bob MacDonald -  What's it really like to step into that abyss; to leap out into space with only the thin fabric of your suit between you and the universe? Find out in this compilation of perspectives from three Canadian spacewalkers starting from the beginning of their training right through to the moment when they opened the hatch and stepped outside into the cold blackness of space. The book is lavishly illustrated with stunning NASA photos.

The Case for Space Solar Power by John Mankins - A must-read primer on the topic of space based solar power providing context and history on the topic with outlines of proposed concepts, objectives and hurdles still to be overcome plus an explanation of possible future development timelines all presented in an organized and easy-to-digest manner.

The Centre for Spatial Law and Policy - This Virginia based think tank does focus on the legal and policy issues associated with geo-spatial data and technology, which is of some use to the Canadians who are currently ranked as leaders within this growing field.

Cold War Tech War; The Politics of America's Air Defense by Randall Whitcomb - Explores the geo-political, technical and economic aspects of the Avro Canada story by revealing, for the first time anywhere, several exciting design proposals of the Avro company while putting the company and its technology into an international context. Global intelligence angles are explored from pre-WW II through the Cold War period. Focus is on bi-lateral issues with the Americans, with some pertinent American statesmen and industrialists receiving special attention for their roles.

Creating A Robust Canadian Space Research Exploration & Development Industry - The Canadian Mineral Industry Flow-Though Share Analog by John Chapman, Nadeem Ghafoor, Christian Sallaburger and Frank Teti - A paper originally presented at the 2008 Canadian Space Summit, which suggested that private capital would flow into the space industry if the government gave the space industry the same tax breaks as the mining industry. Became the basis for the second of three Canadian Space Commerce Association (CSCA) submissions to the 2012 Canadian Aerospace review under the title "Using Tools from the Mining Industry to Spur Innovation and Grow the Canadian Space Industry."

Defence and Discovery: Canada's Military Space Program, 1945-74 by Andrew B. Godefroy - A comprehensive examination of the origins, development, and impact of Canada's space program. Drawing on declassified archival sources and a wealth of secondary material, Canada's early space research is put into context along with the central role of military enterprise in these early endeavours. The technological, political, and strategic implications of the country's early innovation in space-research technology are also discussed, as is the country's subsequent turn from this arena.

Encyclopedia Astronautica - A comprehensive catalog of vehicles, technology, astronauts and information from most countries that have had an active rocket research program, maintained by space enthusiast and author Mark Wade. Part of the Space Daily network.

Friends of the CRC – An association of alumni of the Communications Research Centre (CRC), the government department responsible for most of Canada’s early satellite launches. The site provides multiple articles on early Canadian efforts by some of the people who were actually there. Authors include Bert Blevis ("The Pursuit of Equality: The Role of the Ionosphere and Satellite Communications in Canadian Development" and "The Implications of Satellite Technology for Television Broadcasting in Canada" with M.L. Card), Gerald Poaps ("Gerald Poaps' Scrapbook") and others.

Archived presentations from the Future In-Space Operations (FISO) Working Group - These are archived and peer reviewed studies (some with audio visual and power-points) for a variety of NASA approved concepts related to future in-space operations and activities.

The Handbook on Measuring the Space Economy - From the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which grew out of the post WW2, US-financed Marshall Plan to provide "a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems." The publication provides a summary of the key methodological issues surrounding indicators and statistics on the space sector and the larger space economy and is meant to be complementary to another publication, the Space Economy at a Glance 2011. Both publications, along with many others including the more recent Space Economy at a Glance 2014, are available from the OECD website.

The High Frontier by Gerard K. O'Neill and Freeman Dyson - A classic work on the practicality and economics of the human colonization of space. But for all its worth, when the first edition was published back in the mid 1970s, the author likely assumed that some of us would be living in orbit by now. Maybe one day that will change.

Historical Analogs for the Stimulation of Space Commerce - A book examining how to apply six models of government support for commercial space activities and how the lessons learned from them could apply to developing the commercial space industry. Part of the NASA History Series of publications.

Historical Investment Financing of Exploration for New Worlds, Current Analogies to Other Industries, and Ideas for the Future by Eva Jane Lark - Essential reading for understanding how exploration has always been financed, written by a Canadian banking executive.

Several presentations on space mining including the Importance of Mineral Exploration and Mining to Humans in their Space Development Activities by John A. Chapman (presented to the BC Geophysical Society in February 2013); A Lunar Geosciences Database – The Earth’s Map Place Analog by Gerald G. Carlson, John A. Chapman and Ward E. Kilby (presented at the 2007 European Geosciences Union General Assembly); and Development and Operation of a Surface Mine in a Remote Location - South Polar Region of the Moon by John A. Chapman and Marc Schulte (presented at the 8th International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG) Conference on Exploration and Utilization of the Moon in July 2006).

ISRU Info: The Home of the Space Resources Roundtable - A non-profit corporation promoting the development of space resources. Recent meetings have been held in conjunction with the Planetary & Terrestrial Mining Sciences Symposium (PTMSS).

Inside 3D Printing (3DP) - Background information and stories on the techniques and methodologies used in the growing additive manufacturing revolution, and how those new techniques will revolutionize the space industry. Recent stories include the April 27th, 2015 article, "3D Printing Will Revolutionize Space Travel," and the April 21st, 2015 article, "3D Printing On The Moon and Beyond."

Janes Space Systems and Industry 2015/2016 - A pricey but comprehensive listing of the thousands of commercial and military space systems in service and under development around the world. Designed to provide aerospace and defence businesses with "critical independent technical and market intelligence" to support effective business and products development and provide military and security organizations with the intelligence they need to support critical analysis, planning and procurement activities.

LEO on the Cheap by Lt. Col. John R. London III - A fascinating read on methods to achieve drastic reductions in launch costs. It serves as a useful companion piece to the 1993 John Walker article "a Rocket a Day Keeps the High Costs Away."

A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts by Andrew Chaikin - In-depth interviews with twenty-three of the twenty-four moon voyageurs, as well as those who struggled to get the program moving. The book conveys every aspect of the Apollo missions with breathtaking immediacy and stunning detail. Includes an introduction by Tom Hanks, an actor who has played an astronaut in movies and is therefore assumed to know what he's talking about.

Marketing the Moon: The Selling of the Apollo Lunar Program by David Meerman Scott and Richard Jurek - Why did a government program whose standard operating procedure had always been secrecy turn its greatest achievement into a communal "brand experience" with top media ratings and high public approval? Read this book and find out.

The Microsat Way in Canada by Peter Stibrany and Kieran A. Carroll - A formative paper written by two of the people involved in the design and development of the Microvariability and Oscillations of STars (MOST) space telescope, discussing how micro-satellite manufacturing methodologies will change the economics of space applications and reduce the barriers to entry for new companies. These discussions eventually became the basis for the methodologies in use today at the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies (UTIAS) Space Flight Laboratory (SFL).

NASA E-books - A fascinating list of NASA books, podcasts, galleries' apps, ringtones and information relating to the US space program. 

The Online Journal of Space Communication - Since 2001, this scholarly publication has bridged the world of the professional and the world of the academic, two worlds in desperate need of bridging. The publication examines a broad range of issues and events in space and satellite communication, including their historical, technological, economic, policy, cultural and social dimensions.

The Orbital Express Project of Bristol Aerospace and Microsat Launch Systems by Geoffrey V. Hughes - An important case study for those wishing to study the technology and business development issues surrounding a small satellite launch vehicle.

The Plundering of NASA: An Expose by Rickey D Boozer - An interesting expose which attempts to lift the veil of Congressional politics which force NASA to do the bidding of regional interests that cripple the nation’s capabilities in both exploring outer space and exploiting its enormous economic potential.

Proceedings of the 48th History Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) edited by Marsha Freedmann - Volume 46 of the American Astronomical Society (AAS) series on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics. Includes a DVD supplement containing a 2014 interview with long-time International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) member Prof. Iván Almár and the paper, "One Hundred Years of Aerospace History in Canada: From McCurdy to Hadfield," by Robert Godwin, Phil Lapp and Chuck Black, which was serialized on the Commercial Space blog, beginning with the February 7th, 2015 post, "Verne, The Fur Country, G.Y. Kaufman, Baldwin, McCurdy & Balfour Currie."

Proceedings of the Princeton Conferences on Space Manufacturing - Abstracts from thirteen conferences from 1975 until 2001, which focused on the challenges and opportunities of space based manufacturing. The original events were organized in cooperation with the Space Studies Institute, a not-for-profit organization which grew out of the interest generated by Gerard K. O’Neill’s vision of human colonies in space.

Quest, The History of Space Flight Quarterly - A combination of learned journal and mass market publication which captures stories related to the people, projects, and programs that have been part of the last fifty years of civil, military, commercial, and international space activities.

Reaching for the High Frontier: The American Pro-Space Movement, 1972-1984 by Michael A. G. Michaud - Exceptional reading for background on the various space advocacy groups which grew out of the 1972–1984 period of stagnant space activities. The book provides many useful lessons on advocacy and a PDF is available online at no charge.

Russia in Space: The Past Explained. The Future Explored by Anatoly Zak - This comprehensive history of the Russian space program is a unique attempt to visualize the future of astronautics through the eyes of Russian space engineers and describe the processes which went into a nation's planning in space over the past several decades. A large format, full colour and well illustrated book bolstered by almost 700 footnotes.

Safe is Not an Option: Overcoming the Futile Obsession with Getting Everyone Back Alive that is Killing our Expansion into Space by Rand Simberg - Since the end of Apollo, US space operations have ostensibly emphasized safety first. Simberg argues that this has been a mistake, and we must change if we are to continue to "boldly go" back to the Moon and Mars. Simberg makes a cogent argument that our focus on safety doesn't really increase safety but instead acts as a "barrier to entry" for new companies and protects the profits of large, politically connected "dyno-space" companies.

Sex and Rockets by John Carter (author) with an introduction by Robert Anton Wilson - For those of us who think rocket science is boring, here's the incredible but true story of scientist, poet, and self-proclaimed anti-christ, Jack Parsons, who co-founded the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), led the Agape Lodge of Aleister Crowley's Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO) and even bore more than a passing resemblance to Iron Man's father. Scary, scary stuff...

A Short History of Private Space Development by Clark S. Lindsey- Useful historical context from the person who edits both the long-running HobbySpace blog and the NewSpace Watch commercial site.

Small Satellites and their Regulation - This short interdisciplinary book covers the legal challenges relating to small-sats including technical standards, removal techniques or other methods that might help to address current problems. Also included are discussions of regulatory issues and procedures to ameliorate problems associated with small satellites, especially mounting levels of orbital debris and noncompliance with radio frequency and national licensing requirements, liabilities and export controls.

Soviet Space Culture: Cosmic Enthusiasm in Socialist Countries by Eva Maurer, Julia Richers, Carmen Scheide & Monica Rüthers - An interesting historical examination of the Soviet space program as a unique cultural phenomenon, which united communism and religion to the utopian and atheistic during the period from the first Sputnik launch to the mid 1970's.

The Space Business Blog – A series of useful case studies of the economics of space based businesses, written by a Lockheed Martin financial analyst between 2010 and 2013.

The Space Library - A repository of primary resource materials (and quite a number of Commercial Space blog posts) from retired NASA astronauts and employees, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the European Space Agency (ESA), the British Interplanetary Society and others. Curated by Robert Godwin, the owner of Apogee Books.

Space Chronicles: Facing the Ultimate Frontier by Neil deGrasse Tyson - One of our foremost thinkers on all things space, illuminates the past, present, and future of exploration and reminds us why NASA matters now as much as ever.

The compilation of Space Law Documents for 2013 - Edited by P.J. Blount, an adjunct professor in air and space law at the University of Mississippi School of Law, who also edited the Res Communis Blog (which ran from 2007 until 2014), this three volume set covers state (volume one), federal (volume two) and international (volume three) documents of interest in this area. Now if only someone will bring this the documents up to date.

Space Mission Analysis and Design (SMAD) by James R Wertz and Wiley Larson - A textbook quality publication for engineering and space activities providing what you need to speak the language of space.

Space Prizes - From 2006 until 2015, this was the unofficial "publication of record" for tracking prizes related to space technology with listings, updates and status reports on 100's of international student, scientific and commercial contests. Currently inactive.

Space Vehicle Design Second Edition by Michael D Griffin and James R French - Described as ""the best, the most comprehensive, the most up-to-date resource for today's engineering challenges in space systems design."The second edition links and integrates many disciplines relevant to the field of space systems engineering and contains an additional chapter on reliability analysis, new technical material and numerous homework problems.

The Space Report Online – The “authoritative guide to international space activities” published by the Space Foundation, one of the world’s premier nonprofit organizations supporting space activities, education and space professionals. This online repository of data related to the worldwide space industry also contains copies of the annual 2006 - 2015 editions of the Space Report, the annual publication which serves as the basis of the current repository.

The Space Review - An online publication devoted to in-depth articles, commentary, and reviews regarding all aspects of space exploration: science, technology, policy, business, and more. Edited by Jeff Foust, an aerospace analyst who wrote the Space Politics blog from 2004 - 2014.

The Ultimate Guide to 3D Printing and Space Exploration - An online guide to the techniques and terminologies surrounding 3D printing, selective laser sintering and how these techniques and technologies are expected to change the manufacturing, aerospace and space industries over the next few years. Part of the DIY Space Exploration website.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Programs in Canada by J.H. Chapman, P.A. Forsyth, P.A. Lapp and G.N. Patterson – Canada is today an international leader in the fields of communications and remote sensing because of John Chapman (1921-1979) who was senior author of this report, written in 1967 and now known simply as the “Chapman Report.” It recommended using Canadian satellite and space technology for commercial activities such as communications and resource management instead of focusing only on scientific research. Over time, the report became “Canada’s Original Blueprint” for space activities and still contains lessons for policymakers today.

Vision Restoration - A fascinating time capsule on NASA, ESA and America's past and future in space focused around the February 2004 NASA Vision for Space Exploration but full of lessons related to the current Space Launch System (SLS) debate and large, government funded space programs in general. Active from 2009 - 2014.

Who Owns the Moon?: Extraterrestrial Aspects of Land and Mineral Resources Ownership by Virgiliu Pop - An investigation into the viability of property rights on the celestial bodies, particularly the extraterrestrial aspects of land and mineral resources ownership. In lay terms, it aims to find an answer to the question “Who owns the Moon?”

Why Where Matters: Understanding and Profiting from GPS, GIS and Remote Sensing by Bob Ryerson and Stan Aronof - A useful, highly readable primer on the business applications surrounding geomatics, the study of geographic and/or spatially referenced images which are used by various industries for planning and resource management.

A comprehensive listing of Worldwide Launch Schedules from Spaceflight Now - A regularly updated listing of planned missions and rocket launches around the globe. Dates and times are given in Greenwich Mean Time.
Chuck Black.



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Chuck Black is the editor of the Commercial Space blog.

Monday, May 09, 2016

That $353K Ontario Superior Court Judgement for Nonpayment of NEOSSAT Contractor Fees

          By Chuck Black

The general, but grudging and mostly off the record consensus, is that the near-Earth object surveillance satellite (NEOSSat), a Canadian micro-satellite funded by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) and launched in 2013, functions reasonably close to what was planned when the project began in 2005.

However, as outlined in the January 12th, 2016 Ontario Superior Court of Justice judgement, "Com Dev Ltd. v Microsat Systems Canada Inc., 2016 ONSC 289 (CanLII)," there is still much acrimony swirling around a series of unpaid invoices from Ottawa, ON based Routes AstroEngineering to prime contractor, Microsat Systems Canada Inc. (MSCI) for contracted NEOSSat related work.

Those unpaid invoices drove Routes out of business, according to the court documents. And they might, just possibly have originated with cost overruns and partial payments from the CSA.

"Unusual liquidity concerns" caused COM DEV International to purchase Ottawa based Routes AstroEngineering in 2010. As outlined in the April 16th, 2010 Ottawa Business Journal article, "COM DEV buys Ottawa-based subcontractor Routes AstroEngineering for $1.7M," the company specialized "in the design and manufacture of advanced instruments for space science research applications, including microsatellite technology such as solar array power systems, detector read-out electronics and satellite mass memory units." Many, but not all, of the firms twenty employees ended up going to work for COM DEV.  Screenshot c/o Ottawa Business Journal.

According to Evert Van Woudenberg, the managing partner at the Gardiner Roberts Law firm, who represented Cambridge, ON based COM DEV International (now the Canadian subsidiary of New Jersey based Honeywell International), "it was primarily a collection issue. From our point of view (as the new owners of Routes), MSCI simply wasn't paying its bills."

As outlined in the court documents, on April 15th, 2010 COM DEV acquired all of Routes assets. COM DEV commenced legal action against MSCI on April 20th.

Woudenberg characterized the case as a "document intensive trial," focused around factual disputes related to the large amount of contracts and documents needed to build a satellite for the CSA, the legal interpretations of those documents and an assessment of the appropriate damages to award in cases where contractual obligations are ambiguous, undefined and/or have not been fulfilled.

Judgement was eventually awarded to COM DEV for nine outstanding Routes invoices totaling $336,337.00 CDN plus 5% GST for a total judgement of $353,153.85 CDN. Nine other Routes invoices, totaling approximately $260,000 CDN were dismissed for a variety of reasons relating to milestones not being met or work being invoiced for items which were considered "out of scope."

An MSCI counterclaim was dismissed.

MSCI executives, along with their lawyers, Wilson Vukelich partner Douglas D. Langley and associate Parisma Zandi, have been approached but have so far not not responded to requests for comments on the legal action. Should that change, this article will be updated to reflect their statements.

The CSA has a history of public difficulties with its NEOSSat prime contractor. As outlined in the July 27th, 2014 Ottawa Citizen article, "Satellite company blames Canadian Space Agency for some cost overruns," the CSA auditors event went on record to say that MSCI  "lacked the needed expertise for the project." MSCI president David Cooper countered with a statement that "CSA officials asked for changes to the small satellite so many times that costs escalated." The article also quoted Cooper as saying that, "unless we came to meet the requirements as they (the CSA) saw them, they weren’t going to pay us.” and added that the company lost up to $1.5Mln CDN on NEOSSat. Graphic c/o Ottawa Citizen.

The CSA has also refused to comment, except for a blanket statement delivered via e-mail which said, "this legal matter was strictly between COM DEV Ltd. and MSCI. The Canadian Space Agency does not intend to comment." Should that change, this article will also be updated to reflect the new information.

And maybe the CSA should comment on this matter. Certainly CSA representatives have felt free to comment in the past when it suited their purpose.

As outlined in the July 28th, 2014 post, "Customers vs Project Managers: The Real Truth about NEOSSat," the CSA even went so far as to release a February 2014 report, under the title, "Evaluation of the Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat) Project For the period from February 2005 to December 2013," which blamed "a lack of capacity on the part of the prime contractor (MSCI)" for cost overruns and other problems which bedeviled the project.

Of course, more recently CSA representatives have declined to comment on the April 20th, 2015 post, "Four NEOSSat Images in Search of Respect," which published a series of recently released NEOSSat images. The new images were strong indications that the difficulties which occurred during the 2013 - 2014 roll-out were finally being overcome.

According to this February 32rd, 2013 CSA promotional video, "the Near-Earth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat), launched February 25, 2013, is the latest in a proud family of world-leading Canadian satellites. The world's first space telescope dedicated to detecting and tracking asteroids and satellites. It circles the globe every 100 minutes, scanning space near the Sun to pinpoint asteroids that may someday pass close to Earth. NEOSSat is also sweeping the skies in search of satellites and space debris as part of Canada's commitment to keeping orbital space safe for everyone. NEOSSat applies the kind of industry-leading technology for which Canada has become known and has already demonstrated in our very successful Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars (MOST) satellite." To see the complete video, please click on this link. Screenshot c/o CSA.

Perhaps the real secret to what CSA contributed to the current legal judgement could perhaps be hinted at in line 54 of the court file. It read:
According to (MSCI president David) Cooper’s evidence at trial, only a portion of the anticipated funds from the government (through the CSA) ended up in MSCI’s bank account on February 23, 2010 (a Tuesday). Cooper testified that the amount received in its account, $227,542.05, was considerably smaller than the sum required to pay Routes because a portion of the government’s $465,000 payment, approximately $200,000 plus interest, had been taken by Dynacon, the nominal prime contractor with CSA, to pay down MSCI’s indebtedness to Dynacon.
Cooper indicated that he was surprised by the amount that was taken by Dynacon and that he was caught somewhat unawares by the shortfall.
Dynacon Enterprises was the original contractor for the Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars (MOST) telescope and was also expected to build the follow-on NEOSSat using technology developed through MOST. But by 2010, Dynacon was supposedly out of the satellite business, having sold off its space division (but evidently not its outstanding receivables) to MSCI.

Want to read the original judgement? Simply click on the graphic above, or this link. Screenshot c/o CANLII.

The Ontario Superior Court didn't delve too deeply into the discrepancy between what MSCI expected to be paid and what it received from CSA, since the case mainly focused on questions of whether MSCI owed money to Routes and not whether CSA owed money to MSCI or Dynacon.

But the existing evidence does suggest that, while MSCI has certainly failed to pay a series of outstanding invoices for work done at Routes, there might be more outstanding invoices from MSCI and others which could come to light in future cases.

At the very least, the CSA had substantial and acknowledged cost overruns on NEOSSat. It would be interesting to learn a little more about who ended up having to pay them.

Chuck Black.
Who knows.

The next court case over NEOSSat, might involve our government and its space agency.
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Chuck Black is the editor of the Commercial Space blog.

Saturday, May 07, 2016

Orbcomm, Skywave, exactEarth, CSA Rovers, High School Robotics, MDA, Emerson, Magellan, Honeywell & UrtheCast

          By Henry Stewart

It's been a busy week for space focused business activities in Canada. With that in mind, here are a few of the items currently being tracked by the Commercial Space blog.

exactEarth CEO Peter Mabson. Photo c/o TheRecord.
  • New Jersey based Orbcomm, and its local subsidiary, Ottawa, ON based Skywave Mobile Communications, have been defeated by Cambridge, ON based exactEarth for a Canadian government contract for satellite-based maritime surveillance. 
But the final deal has turned out to be far smaller than originally anticipated.
When exactEarth was last profiled in the February 14th, 2016 post, "Newborn exactEarth Faces its First Battle for the Worm," the new contract was expected to be a simple renewal of an existing exactEarth contract worth $19Mln CDN covering a period of 18 months, which expired in March 2016. 
But that's not quite how it worked out. 
As outlined in the May 6th, 2016 Space News post, "exactEarth bests Orbcomm for Canadian contract that shrank to a pittance," the new contract has shrunk in value to only $116,000 CDN in total and will expire on March 31st, 2017. For exactEarth, this represents an approximately $600,000 CDN reduction in revenue for each month the contract is in force, which is quite the hit to take given that the firm only booked $26.6Mln CDN in total revenue for the twelve month period ending October 31st, 2015.
As outlined in the May 5th, 2016 exactEarth press release, "exactEarth Awarded Canadian Government AIS Maritime Data Services Contract," even exactEarth CEO Peter Mabson wasn't totally happy with the situation. According to Mabson, "While we are always pleased to win competitive tenders, our solution to the GoC requirements in this case required only a small fraction of our satellite AIS capabilities, which was below our expectations."
Nice baby! CSA astronaut David Saint-Jacques, CSA president Sylvain Laporte and Ontario Drive and Gear (ODG) space and robotics manager Peter Visscher discuss Canada's newest rover with innovation minister Navdeep Bains at CSA headquarters on Thursday. To view the complete video, simply click on the photo. Photo c/o CSA.

However, as outlined in the October 20th, 2012 post, "Lots and Lots of Rovers Looking for Missions," rovers have been popular science projects among CSA managers since well before the current round of rover funding began under the Stephen Harper government's 2009 Economic Action Plan.  
That plan allocated $110Mln CDN over a three year period to the CSA for development of the next generation Canadarm (which received $53.1Mln) and for Canadian rovers (which received most of the rest). 
But the first generation of rovers were clunky and expensive toys which compared poorly to rovers funded by other governments and even to private sector competitors such as those working on the Google Lunar X-Prize. Those rovers, like the next generation Canadarm, never ended up being used for anything after funding ran out in 2012.
The CSA, perhaps expecting to use the experience gained last time to figure out the right way to build them, embarked on a new round of rover funding in 2014.
As outlined in the December 1st, 2014 post, "New CSA Rover Contracts Worth Over $3.28Mln CDN Uncovered," the additional funding was to "prepare Canada for space exploration activities beyond the International Space Station (ISS) by developing key technologies including Moon/Mars rovers, on-orbit servicing, active vision systems (for spacecraft rendezvous and navigation), in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) (i.e. drills) and surface power/communications systems."
Here's wishing them luck with that.
The new rovers are "priced to sell," and range from $40K to $150K CDN, but still look uncomfortably close to the rovers profiled in the March 7th, 2016 post, "High School Engineering Contests as the REAL Future of Innovation."
The busy front door at MDA headquarters. Photo c/o BC Technology.

The new funding, as outlined in the press release, will "help MDA and its partners develop and test next-generation satellite technologies, which will lead to better radar and search and rescue capabilities, faster data transmission, and improved cloud-based data processing capabilities." 
MDA partners in this project include Lethbridge, AB based Whipcord; Cambridge, ON based COM DEV International (which is now more properly known as the Canadian subsidiary of Honeywell International); Cambridge ON based exactEarth; Winnipeg, MB based Magellan Aerospace and Vancouver, BC based UrtheCast. Several universities will also be involved. 
Oddly enough, the new money wasn't offered up through the CSA, which suggests that the innovation minister has bypassed it (except for their rovers) and will fund this project directly through MDA, which will also serve as the primary point of contact for the subcontractors.
It's just another example of the changes which have engulfed the CSA since volume 2 of the Emerson Aerospace Review was released in 2012.  For more on those changes, check out the December 5th, 2012 post on "What the Space Volume of the Aerospace Review Actually Says."
  • Other companies are also moving from success to success. Take for example Vancouver, BC based Urthecast, which has just announced that it's looking for US partners.
As outlined in the May 6th, 2016 UrtheCast press release, "UrtheCast Announces Invitation to Discuss Potential U.S. Partnership to Serve U.S. Government Customers and Plans to Issue Request for Information (RFI)," the company plans to issue a request for information (RFI) to US based firms willing to assist with the sale of data services "from UrtheCast’s planned OptiSAR™ Constellation, as well as its proposed UrtheDaily™ Constellation concept," to US Government customers.
Breaking into new markets, especially US markets, with products, data or anything else which could possibly cause conflicts with international traffic in arms regulations (ITAR), a set of US government regulations controlling the export and import of defense related articles and services, is always a difficult situation for a Canadian company. 
As outlined in the February 15th, 2015 post, "2015 is Shaping Up to be a Good Year for UrtheCast," the company went so far as to appoint to its board Letitia "Tish" Long, the former director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, in the expectation of future US government contracts. 
Wanna learn more? Then check out future posts from the Commercial Space blog.
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Henry Stewart is the pseudonym of a Toronto based aerospace writer.

Tuesday, May 03, 2016

OneWeb Goes to Gatineau

          By Chuck Black

Channel Islands based OneWeb, with its proposed constellation of satellites intended to provide global internet broadband service to individual consumers, will begin as a business-to-business internet provider, then use the revenue and infrastructure developed to move into under-served rural and consumer markets worldwide.

Graphic highlighting the main talking points of the OneWeb satellite constellation. According to the plan, 640 communication satellites will operate in low Earth orbit to receive and re-transmit internet data , initially to various commercial ground stations, but eventually to anyone with a receiver. As outlined in the April 18th, 2016 post, "We Won't Have Dan Friedmann to Kick Around Anymore!" OneWeb has partnered with Airbus and others to manufacture the satellites in Florida. Graphic c/o Airbus. 

At least that's the plan outlined by OneWeb CEO Matt O'Connell last week when OneWeb submitted its license application to US regulators. It's a process which, as outlined in the April 28th, 2016 Space News article, "OneWeb to debut as B2B broadband wholesaler before serving world’s poorest," will likely result in "a multi-year slog through the world’s capitals as the company seeks global operating rights."

All of which should provide a little context to the April 25th, 2016 public meeting at Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) headquarters in Gatineau, PQ., with OneWeb founder Greg Wyler, his daughter, OneWeb policy director Marc Dupuis, MacDonald Dettwiler (MDA) Information System Goup CEO Don Osborne, MDA director of government and public affairs Leslie Swartman and various CRTC representatives. 

OneWeb founder Wyler. Photo c/o Space News.
The OneWeb presentation was part of a series held over the last month on extending broadband access to Canada's remote communities, developing metrics to judge the success of any new initiative and figuring out how to pay for the roll-out of new services.

As outlined in the April 8th, 2016 Globe and Mail article, "Is high-speed Internet a basic right? CRTC to weigh in," the CRTC "has already collected hundreds of written submissions over multiple rounds of questioning and 90 individuals, academics, advocacy and lobby groups, municipalities and telecom companies are scheduled to appear at the three-week hearing," which began on April 10th.

According to the article, 96 per cent of Canadian households had access to high speed internet by the end of 2014 and that number is slowly rising. However, its expected that approximately 300,000 Canadian households (or 2% of the total) will still lack high-speed internet access in 2017 and these are the potential customers Wyler intends to target.

The article also noted that:
... while many of Canada's large Internet providers are likely wary about the prospect of increased regulation, dozens of intervenors are urging the CRTC to take dramatic steps in support of the "world-class communications system" it envisages in consultation documents.
And OneWeb CEO Wyler could certainly be described as an "intervenor," He's advocating new satellite technologies to replace the existing fibre connectivity and offering up low pricing (at five bucks a month with a $200 CDN connection fee) to provide basic service for homes and Canadian communities which are currently "off the grid."

To learn more, check out the CRTC transcript of the Wyler presentation, under the title, "Introductory Remarks By OneWeb Founder and Chairman Greg Wyler to the CRTC (25April2016)." It's available online on the CRTC website. The full presentation, including questions from CRTC representatives is also available on the CPAC channel April 25th, 2016 CRTC review of basic telecommunications services, beginning just after the 57 minute mark.

Chuck Black.
Just don't expect this universe to change overnight.

It's one where technological advancement is far too heavily dependent on telecom lawyers, bureaucrats and politicians to do anything more than move forward in slow fits and starts.
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Chuck Black is the editor of the Commercial Space blog.

Monday, May 02, 2016

SpaceX Announces Up-Rated Launch Capabilities & Pricing for Mars Trips

          By Henry Stewart

On the heels of its announcement that it plans to begin landing spacecraft on Mars "as early as 2018," Hawthorne, California based SpaceX has revised its standard pricing to include trips to Mars and updated the specs for both its Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets.

Updated graphic showing Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy capabilities.  According to the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the NASA Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), which successfully landed the Mars rover Curiosity in the Gale Crater on August 6th, 2012 weighed 899 kilograms (1,982 pounds). The total mass of the MSL spacecraft (including entry, descent and landing system plus the fueled cruise stage) was 3,893 kilograms (8,463 pounds), well within the current rated capacity of even the Falcon 9. However,  the current estimated mass of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (Orion MPCV), a NASA designed spacecraft intended to carry a crew of four astronauts to destinations beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) is 25,848 kilograms (56,985 pounds) or approximately twice the amount the Falcon Heavy is capable of transporting to Mars.  Graphic c/o SpaceX.

As outlined in the May 1st, 2016 Engadget post, "SpaceX: our Falcon rockets are more powerful than we thought," A Falcon 9 "is now known to be capable of hauling 50,265 lbs to low Earth orbit, up from just shy of 29,000lbs. The Falcon Heavy, meanwhile, will carry 119,930 lbs instead of the previously promised 116,845 lbs."

Last Wednesday, SpaceX announced via Twitter that it intended to "send a spacecraft to Mars as soon as 2018."

As outlined in the April 30th, 2016 Yahoo Finance article, "Here's how SpaceX plans to land on Mars in 2018 using the most powerful rocket in the world," the mission will involve "sending a spacecraft called the Red Dragon (an upgraded SpaceX Dragon spacecraft) to Mars to retrieve samples collected by NASA's Mars rover and then return them to Earth."

"Red Dragon" is essentially a Mars sample return mission using SpaceX hardware. As outlined in the March 7th, 2014 Space.com post, "Project 'Red Dragon': Mars Sample-Return Mission Could Launch in 2022 with SpaceX Capsule," the Red Dragon would be customized to carry the gear needed to return samples gathered on Mars and would include a Mars ascent vehicle (MAV); an Earth return vehicle (ERV); and enough hardware to transfer to the ERV a sample collected in a previously landed rover mission. Graphic c/o Space.com.

But the key to SpaceX's current Mars initiative isn't new technology. It's the business case.

As outlined in the May 1st, 2016 NASAWatch post, "The Real Cost of a Red Dragon Mission to Mars," the SpaceX Falcon Heavy has a list price of $90Mln USD ($113Mln CDN). But SpaceX adds a hefty margin to its costs.

According to Cowing:
Also, SpaceX is starting to build up an inventory of used first stages that they put into rockets and sell for something like 30-40% less than a new Falcon. 
Of course, they make a profit on these reused Falcons too. Conceivably they could build a Dragon Heavy for Mars mission use out of used Falcon first stages. Of course there's the cost of a Mars-capable Dragon V2 (aka "Red Dragon") that has to be developed and built. But by then they will have some Dragon V2 vehicles sitting around as well. 
Then again SpaceX could use all new hardware. With an increased launch cadence there's going to be a lot of these stages sitting in storage making subsequent missions less expensive as well.
And Cowing isn't alone in his assessment.


As discussed in the May 1st, 2016 Engadget post, "The science behind SpaceX’s ambitious plan to land a spacecraft on Mars," SpaceX’s development of the capability to land and reuse rockets on Earth "was just one more step towards Musk’s bigger ambition, which is to land on Martian soil in a way that has never done before: Without parachutes, airbags or “skycranes,” but rockets alone."

According to the article:
The notion was first outlined in a 2012 white paper (under the title Red Dragon: Low-cost Access to the Surface of Mars using Commercial Capabilities) co-authored by Steve Davis, one of SpaceX’s more original thinkers.
It noted that the Dragon space capsule, which SpaceX is developing to fly to the International Space Station and back, has powerful built-in engines to allow it to land on Earth (as well as recover safely from a failed launch). 
It suggested that those same engines, in conjunction with a heat shield, could instead be used to slow the Dragon from a high-speed entry into the Martian atmosphere all the way to a landing on the surface.
According to the white paper, "a Red Dragon lander has the potential to be low cost primarily because it would be derived from a routinely-flying spacecraft." The current SpaceX Dragon capsule transports supplies to the International Space Station (ISS). A crewed version is also being developed.

As outlined in the May 1st, 2016 Motley Fool post, "With or Without NASA, SpaceX Is Going to Mars," SpaceX has announced that it will also foot the bill for the Red Dragon mission "entirely on its own" and will share data generated by the mission with NASA "free of charge."



SpaceX CEO Elon Musk has also offered to outline his future plans to colonize Mars at the upcoming International Astronautical Congress (IAC2016), which will be held from September 26th - 30th in Guadalajara, Mexico.

But for those who can't wait until 2018 to see the Red Dragon land on Mars or until September to view Musk in Mexico, the next Falcon 9 launch is currently scheduled for this Thursday. The mission expects to send the Space Systems Loral (SSL) built JCSAT-14 telecommunications spacecraft into a 22,300 mile orbit above the equator.

All in a day's work, evidently. _________________________________________________________________________________

Henry Stewart is the pseudonym of a Toronto based aerospace writer.

Monday, April 25, 2016

A Weekend at the 2016 NASA Space Apps Challenge

          By Chuck Black

Graphic c/o NASA.
For those interested in the intersection of space advocacy, software applications and commercial business activities, the 2016 NASA Space Apps Challenge, which was held from April 22nd - 24th at various locations around the world, provided an interesting canvas of exploratory ideas for our next great space age.

First held in April 2012, the international hackathon partnered NASA with small groups engaged in organized challenges to develop innovative solutions focused around the use of NASA data.

As outlined in the March 23rd, 2016 NASA press release, "NASA Announces Dates for One of World’s Largest Hackathons," the "global main stage for this year’s event" was Pasadena, California,

Local events took place at 193 other locations in 72 countries and were expected to attract approximately 15,000 participants.

In Toronto, the teams picked to move on to global judging, the next phase of the event, include:
  • Vesta Rainbow - A generic digital online tool designed to build constant scale natural boundary (CSNB) maps of Vesta (one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt) utilizing the digital elevation model (DEM) found through Vesta Trek. According to the website, tool could be applicable to any 2D or 3D surfaces (not necessarily terrains) in order to "visualise the dissipation of potential. An example could be “virtual flood” analysis of income distribution on a city map."
  • Kid on the Moon - An interactive children's app which allows smartphones and tablets to locate the Moon any time of the day (even when the Moon is below the horizon) and unlock current lunar data (phase, distance, etc), and other items.
As well, team Space Off (which explored ways to adapt common gym tools to reduced gravity environments and design a workout routine to minimize bone and muscular loss) received a Peoples Choice nomination and will also move on to global judging.


According to Toronto Space Apps Challenge organizer James Costa, the real Toronto challenge was to organize a separate one-day youth event for kids ages 7-15, which was held on Saturday, April 23rd, in conjunction with, but at a separate location, from the main event.

As outlined on the 2016 Toronto Space Apps Youth website, "It’s a day set with unique challenges that encourages kids to use their hands and brains to explore and learn about space like never before." The youth event involved robotics, space-related arts and crafts and coding workshops.

Don't just stand there. Click on the image to re-tweet and show your support. Photo's c/o @teresa_sing.

Meanwhile, over at the NASA space apps Waterloo location, the big news was the MaxQ "business accelerator for space start-ups," which formally announced a pilot program for three to five teams, which will begin in September, 2016 and run for six months.

To join the first cohort, the MaxQ organizers are looking for:
  • Teams of 2-10 founders, of whom one must be willing to be at Communitech in Kitchener-Waterloo full-time for the duration of the program.
  • Teams focused on developing "downstream applications" or software applications able to run on existing hardware, focused around the areas of Earth observation, geo-analytics, big data, geomatics, wearables and/ or bio-medicine.
  • Teams with a working prototype that is close or ready to be launched into the market.
In exchange, the company offers "an intensive program of mentoring, business development assistance and access to industry experts." The program is open to Canadian citizens and Canadian residents only.

According to MaxQ president Brodie Houlette, "We want to make Kitchener/ Waterloo the epicenter for Canadian space activities."

He said the Canadian accelerator will be modeled on the successful UK based Satellite Applications Catapult accelerator, which was established in May, 2013 by Innovate UK, a UK government agency.

CEO Houlette giving a presentation at the Waterloo Space Apps Challenge on April 24th. MaxQ will be based in the Communitech innovation centre in Kitchener, Ontario, which has donated space for up to 20 people, according to the April 24th, 2016 The Record article, "New space-sector accelerator to touch down in Kitchener." Photo c/o B. Houlette.

MaxQ founders include Houlette, Marc Boucher (the co-founder and CEO of SpaceRef.com), Robert Gissing (a co-founder, past director and past president of the Kwartzlab MakerSpace) and James Slifierz (the co-founder and CEO of SkyWatch Space Applications which, as outlined in the May 19th, 2014 post, "CDN "SkyWatch" wins "Best Use of Data" at Int'l Space Apps Challenge," won the 2014 Space apps challenge).

No funders for the accelerator have so far been announced.

Chuck Black.
The potential for a Canadian space focused accelerator has been discussed previously, most recently in the March 30th, 2016 post, "Changing Times; Space Start-up Accelerator Announced in Waterloo."
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Chuck Black is the editor of the Commercial Space blog.

Sunday, April 24, 2016

The Bigelow Expanded Activity Module & Breakthrough Starshot

          By Brian Orlotti

BEAM. Imfographic c/o NASA.gov/beam. 
Over the past few weeks, two new events have shown the private space industry's achieving a critical mass of both financial support and cohesion.

First off, on April 8th, a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft, launched into orbit on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, delivered the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) to the International Space Station (ISS).

BEAM is a technology demonstrator designed to prove the viability of inflatable space habitats and will spend two years attached to the ISS.

As announced in the April 11th, 2016 Verge article, "ULA is teaming up with Bigelow Aerospace to launch commercial space habitats,"

BEAM will pave the way for the debut of Bigelow Aerospace's flagship product, the B330, in 2019.

Bigelow Aerospace CEO Robert Bigelow envisions the B330 habitat essentially being operated as a timeshare, with both NASA and private citizens as paying customers. Bigelow will rely on commercial providers SpaceX and Boeing to transport crew to and from the B330.

As outlined in the April 2nd, 2013 post, "A Thin Red Line to Protect Mars Explorers," Chiliwack BC., based Thin Red Line Aerospace designs and builds the pressure-restraining hulls used for the Bigelow habitats which are made of impact-resistant, Kevlar-like materials and other fabrics.

Thin Red Line Aerospace has previously designed and built the pressure-restraining hulls for the Bigelow Genesis 1 and Genesis 2 technology demonstrators, which launched in 2006 and 2007.

The lightweight habitats could save millions of dollars in launch costs compared with metal modules.

But Bigelow isn't the only space focused billionaire with a new initiative this month. 

Infographic c/o Space.com.
On April 12th, venture capitalist Yuri Milner and theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking unveiled Breakthrough Starshot, a  $100Mln USD ($128Mln CDN) initiative to develop a fleet of light sail-equipped nano-spacecraft capable of travelling to Alpha Centauri in 20 years at 20% of light-speed, taking pictures and video and then relaying them back to Earth. 

In an interesting reversal of conventional wisdom, Milner categorized the project as something which governments would not normally consider because of its speculative nature and the long lead times.

As outlined in the April 12th, 2016 CBC News post, "Yuri Milner, Stephen Hawking's Breakthrough Starshot targets Alpha Centauri," it could take years to develop the project, and there is no guarantee it will work.

Breakthrough Starshot is part of a larger program called Breakthrough Initiatives, funded by Milner to pursue different avenues for contacting extraterrestrial life.

As outlined on the project website, the initiatives, "are a program of scientific and technological exploration, probing the big questions of life in the Universe: Are we alone? Are there habitable worlds in our galactic neighborhood? Can we make the great leap to the stars? And can we think and act together – as one world in the cosmos?"

The Breakthrough Initiatives board includes Milner, Hawking and Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg.

The Breakthrough Initiatives are another watershed example of a marquee investor applying their resources into a long-term space project with no immediate return.

The BEAM delivery to the ISS marks the proof-of-concept of a technology that will enable extensive in-orbit and off-world development.

The Bigelow/ULA partnership signifies the emergence of a new pragmatism within the space industry; the coming together of Old Guard and New. Space aficionados everywhere can take heart in seeing this long-static industry finally embracing its future.

"And that day dawned when Arrakis lay at the hub of the universe with the wheel poised to spin.," Frank Herbert - Dune.

Brian Orlotti.
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Brian Orlotti is a network operations centre analyst at Shomi, a Canadian provider of on-demand internet streaming media and a regular contributor to the Commercial Space blog.

Friday, April 22, 2016

2009 Canadian Space Agency Report on Indigenous Canadian Launcher said "Yes!" But CSA Didn't Move Forward

          By Chuck Black

According to Toronto, Ontario based Continuum Aerospace CEO Arny Sokoloff, “Launch capability is basic infrastructure for a first world country. The rest of the G-8 nations, plus several other smaller nations, have this capability. We should too.”

A graphic representation of orbital launch projects and capabilities. Red denotes confirmed orbital launch capable countries. Orange denotes confirmed orbital launch capable intergovernmental organization members such as the European Space Agency (ESA). Green denotes nations with orbital launch projects in development or planned. Blue denotes countries with unsuccessful and abandoned orbital launch projects. Canada, Egypt and Iraq are blue. Graphic c/o Jeffsapko at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0.

Sokoloff knows what he is talking about. In 2009, his team authored the “Microsatellite Launch System Technical Feasibility Study Project Final Report,” under Canadian Space Agency (CSA) contract #28-7006058. The report was released in 2014 as part of an access to information request and is currently available through open.canada.ca.

It’s one of two concurrent studies procured under that CSA contract, both of which assessed Canada’s capacity to create and support a small domestic launcher. As outlined in the executive summary:
The feasibility of an indigenous Canadian microsatellite launch system of specified capabilities (150kg to 800km sun-synchronous orbit) was examined. It was confirmed that such a capability would meet much of the projected Canadian need, particularly as the utility of microsatellites has been increasing over time.
The report concluded that, “As a result of this study, we have determined that the original goals are feasible and can be achieved at a reasonable cost.” Overall cost was estimated at approximately $187Mln CDN over seven years; although a smaller satellite launcher could be built for less.

A plain document covering a fascinating topic. The front cover of "Microsatellite Launch System Technical Feasibility Study Project Final Report," as released by the CSA in compliance with the author's informal request of April 13th, 2016 to obtain records originally disclosed in 2014 as part of an earlier FOI request. To access the full document, simply click here. Screen shot c/o CSA and Continuum Aerospace. 

Of course, while feasibility studies in this area have been talked about at the CSA and its predecessors going back to the early days of space exploration, the 2009 Continuum report was the first study to see the light of day.

In a recent phone interview, Sokoloff outlined how the existing (and exclusively foreign) satellite launch services available to Canada in 2009 (and today) each suffer from problems:
  • The costs of flights to specified orbits are high.
  • The availability of launches is subject to long lead times and uncertainty in launch dates.
  • Orbit selection controlled by host launcher, not by Canadian needs; Canada has to “fit in,” to the launch provider's requirements.
  • Foreign governments control and limit Canadian satellite launches.
“The goal of the 2009 study was to address these problems, especially when it came to northern sovereignty issues, where the countries we were trying to monitor in the Arctic were the most likely suppliers for launch berths,” said Sokoloff.

CSA studies and assessments are often announced but completed studies are seldom released to the public, especially if they discuss Canadian rockets, which are perceived of as being contrary to Federal government policy going back to the 1960's. As outlined in the April 19th, 2010 Space News post, "CSA Begins Studies for First Canadian Microsatellite Launch System," the CSA announced in 2010, over a year after the Continuum report was completed, that they were seriously exploring the possibility of "developing a launch system for microsatellites, a capability that if approved by the government would be a first for the country." But the initiative seems to have been suspended after then CSA president Stave MacLean retired in 2012. For more on the early development of Canada's policy concerns relating to rocket development, check out the December 27th, 2010 post on "Canada's Military Space Policy; Part 2, The Changing Political Landscape." Screenshot c/o Space News.

The report listed several “key technologies” which were not available as commercial-off-the-shelf items and /or were considered highly restricted by foreign governments. Propulsion; thrust vector control; vessels and pressurization; inertial navigation systems; flight-weight nozzles; and separation systems were identified as “needing further development” to be available to Canada unrestricted. Much of the money allocated to the project estimate was to go towards maturing those identified technologies.

As a reference design, the study settled on a three stage rocket, utilizing two sizes of LOX-paraffin hybrid rocket engines as the “preferred technical concept vehicle,” in order to avoid toxic fuels or explosives.

The second portion of the study, generally conceded to have been completed by Gormley, Ontario based Cesaroni Technology (which currently sells rocket components to Denver, Utah based UP Aerospace) and the Bristol Aerospace subsidiary of Mississauga, Ontario based Magellan Aerospace (which pioneered rocketry in Canada with the Black Brant series of suborbital sounding rockets), has not been released.

Rumour and innuendo suggest that the real problem with any Canadian based rocket was the lack of a compelling business case. But any discussion focused on that area needs to include an assessment of why other privately held rocket companies such as Rocket Lab have a business case but Canadian companies don't. Founded in New Zealand in 2007, Rocket Lab is currently a privately held American aerospace company headquartered in Los Angeles, California, although it retains an office in Aukland. Founder, CEO and technical director Peter Beck is shown above with an  Electron rocket, an all carbon composite launch vehicle. The company has obtained funding from a variety of sources including private venture firms Bessemer Venture Partners and Khosla Ventures along with Callaghan Innovation, a New Zealand government agency which supports domestic hi-tech businesses. Photo c/o Baldwins.

An April 14th, 2016 request into the CSA media relations office for clarification on two questions relating to why the study was initiated in 2009 and why the CSA never followed through with the report recommendations, has so far elicited no formal response from within the space agency.

But the CSA has responded to three other queries relating to the Cesaroni/ Magellen concurrent study.

According to CSA media relations officer Maya Eyssen:
1. Why was the FOI request to release the Cesaroni report rejected?
Processing of the Access to Information request was done in conformity with the Access to Information Act (the Act). Notice was given to third parties in accordance with section 27(1) of the Act. Representations were received by the third parties and the decision was made not to disclose part of the information. (section 28 of the Act).
2. Did the Cesaroni report come to a different conclusion from the Continuum report?
The information contained in that report is exempted pursuant to section 20(1)(b) and (c) of the Act, therefore CSA  cannot comment on the content of the document.
3. Will the Cesaroni report ever be released?
It is not CSA’s decision to publicly disclose or not this report. See section 27 and 28 of the Act.
It's expected that this story will be updated as more information becomes available. As outlined in an April 22nd, 2016 e-mail sent out in response to the initial query by Eyssen, ""I did my best to find the info but I will have to get back to you next week for the last two questions."

Chuck Black.
Editor's Note: On April 24th, Eyssen sent a short, curt e-mail explaining that, "after careful examination of the feasibility study reports and given higher priorities at the time, namely RCM (the RADARSAT Constellation mission) and ISS (Canada's ongoing contribution to the International Space Station), CSA opted not to pursue the development of indigenous launcher systems."

Here's hoping that other peoples rockets will be sufficient to support those initiatives.
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Chuck Black is the editor of the Commercial Space blog.

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